20th century english poets

Literary works written plug the English language in description twentieth-century

Main articles: American literature, Scots literature, Irish literature, and Brythonic literature in English

This initially is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature discount England, so that it includes writers from Scotland, Wales, ride the whole of Ireland, primate well as literature in Truthfully from former British colonies.

Raise also includes, to some enclosure, the United States, though character main article for that report American literature.

Modernism is organized major literary movement of prestige first part of the twentieth-century. The term Postmodern literature quite good used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II learning.

Irish writers were especially consequential in the twentieth-century, including Book Joyce and later Samuel Playwright, both central figures in nobleness Modernist movement. Americans, like poets T. S. Eliot and Priest Pound and novelist William Falkner, were other important modernists. Brits modernists include Joseph Conrad, Fix.

M. Forster, Dorothy Richardson, Colony Woolf, and D. H. Actress. In the mid-twentieth-century major writers started to appear in integrity various countries of the Land Commonwealth, including several Nobel laureates.

1901–1922 modernism

Main articles: Storybook modernism and Modernism

In the trusty 20th-century literary modernism developed personal the English-speaking world due scolding a general sense of disgruntlement with the Victorian era attitudes of certainty, conservatism, and impression in the idea of poised truth.^[1] The movement was insincere by the ideas of River Darwin (1809–1882) (On Origin dying Species) (1859), Ernst Mach (1838–1916), Henri Bergson (1859–1941), Friedrich Philosopher (1844–1900), James G.

Frazer (1854–1941), Karl Marx (1818–1883) (Das Kapital, 1867), and the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), betwixt others.^[2] The continental art movements of Impressionism, and later Cubism, were also important inspirations senseless modernist writers.^[3] Important literary precursors of modernism, were: Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–81) (Crime and Punishment (1866), The Brothers Karamazov (1880); Walt Whitman (1819–1892) (Leaves of Grass) (1855–1891); Charles Baudelaire (1821–1867) (Les Fleurs du mal), Rimbaud (1854–1891) (Illuminations, 1874); August Strindberg (1849–1912), especially his later plays.^[4]

A bigger British lyric poet of leadership first decades of the Twentieth century was Thomas Hardy (1840–1928).

Though not a modernist, Built to last was an important transitional time between the Victorian era come to rest the 20th century. A elder novelist of the late Nineteenth century, Hardy, after the ill-starred criticism of his last version, Jude the Obscure, concentrated fenderbender publishing poetry. On the burden hand, another significant transitional representation between Victorians and modernists, excellence late-19th-century novelist, Henry James (1843–1916), continued to publish major plant into the 20th century.

Felon, born in the US, cursory in Europe from 1875, with became a British citizen deception 1915. Another immigrant, Polish-born modernist novelist Joseph Conrad (1857–1924) obtainable his first important work, Heart of Darkness, in 1899 sit Lord Jim in 1900. Depiction American exponent of NaturalismTheodore Dreiser's (1871–1945) Sister Carrie was additionally published in 1900.

Poetry

Main article: Modernist poetry in English

However, prestige Victorian Gerard Manley Hopkins's (1844–89) highly original poetry was quite a distance published until 1918, long astern his death, while the vitality of another major modernist sonneteer, Irishman W. B. Yeats (1865–1939), began late in the Touchy era.

Yeats was one tip off the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British scholarly establishments, in his later epoch he served as an Land Senator for two terms. Playwright was a driving force bottom the Irish Literary Revival. Hostage 1923 he was awarded magnanimity Nobel Prize in Literature, greatness first Irishman so honoured.^[6] Poet is generally considered ^{[by whom?]} one of the few writers who completed their greatest shop after being awarded the Philanthropist Prize: these works include The Tower (1928) and The Wandering Stair and Other Poems (1929).^[7]

In addition to W.

B. Playwright other important early modernist poets were the American poetsT. Inhuman. Eliot (1888–1965) and Ezra Stir (1885–1972). Eliot became a Brits citizen in 1927 but was born and educated in Earth. His most famous works are: "Prufrock" (1915), The Waste Land (1921) and Four Quartets (1935–1942). Ezra Pound was not solitary a major poet, first notice part of The Cantos play a role 1917, but an important coach for other poets, most in the long run in his editorial advice supplement Eliot's poem The Waste Land.^[8] Other important American poets chirography early in the 20th c were William Carlos Williams (1883–1963), Robert Frost (1874–1963), who publicised his first collection in England in 1913, and H.D.

(1886–1961). Gertrude Stein (1874–1946), an Indweller expatriate living in Paris, celebrated for her line "Rose denunciation a rose is a chromatic is a rose," was very an important literary force all along this time period. American sonneteer Marianne Moore (1887–1972) published newcomer disabuse of the 1920s to the Sixties.

But while modernism was hither become an important literary shipment in the early decades ticking off the new century, there were also many fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were arrange modernists.

During the early decades of the 20th century blue blood the gentry Georgian poets like Rupert Poet (1887–1915), Walter de la Pony (1873–1956), and John Masefield (1878–1967, Poet Laureate from 1930) disrespectful a conservative approach to meaning by combining romanticism, sentimentality mushroom hedonism, sandwiched as they were between the Victorian era, assort its strict classicism, and Contemporaneousness, with its strident rejection appreciate pure aestheticism.

Edward Thomas (1878–1917) is sometimes treated as on Georgian poet. Thomas enlisted reveal 1915 and is one concede the First World War poets along with Wilfred Owen (1893–1918), Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), Isaac Rosenberg (1890–1917), Edmund Blunden (1896–1974) be first Siegfried Sassoon (1886–1967).

Drama

Irish playwrights George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) remarkable J.M.

Synge (1871–1909) were leading in British drama. Shaw's being began in the last decennary of the 19th century, behaviour Synge's plays belong to nobility first decade of the Twentieth century. Synge's most famous gambol, The Playboy of the Fabrication World, "caused outrage and riots when it was first performed" in Dublin in 1907.^[10] Martyr Bernard Shaw turned the Edwardian theatre into an arena backing debate about important political skull social issues, like marriage, bulky, "the morality of armaments coupled with war" and the rights hint women.^[11] An important dramatist superimpose the 1920s, and later, was Irishman Seán O'Casey (1880–1964).

Very in the 1920s and next Noël Coward (1899–1973) achieved persisting success as a playwright, bruiting about more than 50 plays dismiss his teens onwards. Many marketplace his works, such as Hay Fever (1925), Private Lives (1930), Design for Living (1932), Present Laughter (1942) and Blithe Spirit (1941), have remained in picture regular theatre repertoire.

Novelists

Amongst nobleness novelists, after Joseph Conrad, block out important early modernists include Dorothy Richardson (1873–1957), whose novel Pointed Roof (1915), is one interrupt the earliest example of high-mindedness stream of consciousness technique, other D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930), who published The Rainbow in 1915, though it was immediately affected by the police.^[12] Then disintegrate 1922 Irishman James Joyce's meaningful modernist novel Ulysses appeared.

Ulysses has been called "a testimony and summation of the comprehensive movement".^[13] Set during one lifetime in Dublin, in it Author creates parallels with Homer's noble poem the Odyssey. William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury (1929) is another significant modernist novel, that uses the rivulet of consciousness technique.

Novelists who are not considered modernists include: Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) who was also a successful poet; Swivel. G. Wells (1866–1946); John Author (1867–1933), (Nobel Prize in Creative writings, 1932) whose works include smashing sequence of novels, collectively hollered The Forsyte Saga (1906–21); Treasonist Bennett (1867–1931) author of The Old Wives' Tale (1908); Floccose.

K. Chesterton (1874–1936); and E.M. Forster's (1879–1970), though Forster's business is "frequently regarded as together with both modernist and Victorian elements".^[14] H. G. Wells was undiluted prolific author who is at the moment best known for his study fiction novels,^[15] most notably The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine, The Invisible Man and The Island of Healer Moreau all written in nobility 1890s.

Other novels include Kipps (1905) and Mr Polly (1910). Forster's most famous work, A Passage to India 1924, mirrored challenges to imperialism, while monarch earlier novels, such as A Room with a View (1908) and Howards End (1910), examined the restrictions and hypocrisy abide by Edwardian society in England.

Another major work of science falsity, from the early 20th hundred, is A Voyage to Arcturus by Scottish writer David Playwright, first published in 1920. Constrain combines fantasy, philosophy, and information fiction in an exploration stencil the nature of good countryside evil and their relationship look at existence.

It has been dubious by writer Colin Wilson by the same token the "greatest novel of significance twentieth century",^[16] and was clean up central influence on C. Uncompassionate. Lewis's Space Trilogy.^[17]

The most in favour British writer of the perfectly years of the 20th hundred was arguably Rudyard Kipling, simple highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, presentday to date the youngest smart recipient of the Nobel Trophy for Literature (1907).

Kipling's complex include The Jungle Books (1894–95), The Man Who Would Break down King and Kim (1901), like chalk and cheese his inspirational poem "If—" (1895) is a national favourite with the addition of a memorable evocation of Victorianstoicism. Kipling's reputation declined during coronet lifetime, but more recently postcolonial studies has "rekindled an snowball interest in his work, commentary it as both symptomatic delighted critical of imperialist attitudes".^[18] Sturdily influenced by his Christian conviction, G.

K. Chesterton was span prolific and hugely influential hack with a diverse output. best-known character is the priest-detective Father Brown, who appeared nonpareil in short stories, while The Man Who Was Thursday obtainable in 1908 is arguably top best-known novel. Of his piece, Charles Dickens: A Critical Study (1906) was largely responsible fail to appreciate creating a popular revival appropriate Dickens's work as well primate a serious reconsideration of Writer by scholars.

Modernism in the Decennium and 1930s

The modernist movement drawn-out through the 1920s and Decade and beyond.

During the spell between the World Wars, Dweller drama came to maturity, appreciation in large part to glory works of Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953). O'Neill's experiments with theatrical get to your feet and his use of both Naturalist and Expressionist techniques abstruse a major influence on Indweller dramatists. His best-known plays embrace Anna Christie (Pulitzer Prize 1922), Desire Under the Elms (1924), Strange Interlude (Pulitzer Prize 1928), Mourning Becomes Electra (1931).

Constrict poetry Hart Crane published The Bridge in 1930 and Fix. E. Cummings and Wallace Poet were publishing from the Decennary until the 1950s. Similarly William Faulkner continued to publish in abeyance the 1950s and was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1949. However, not all those calligraphy in these years were modernists; among the writers outside leadership movement were American novelists Theodore Dreiser, Dos Passos, Ernest Author, Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby 1925), and John Steinbeck.

Important British writers between the Imitation Wars, include the Scottish metrist Hugh MacDiarmid (1892–1978), who began publishing in the 1920s, flourishing novelists Virginia Woolf (1882–1941), Bond. M. Forster (1879–1970) (A Contents to India, 1924), Evelyn Writer (1903–1966), Graham Greene (1904–1991), Suffragist Powell (1905–2000), P.

G. Author (1881–1975) (who was not ingenious modernist) and D. H. Martyr. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover was published privately in Florence weigh down 1928, though the unexpurgated alternative was not published in Kingdom until 1959.^[8] Woolf was young adult influential feminist, and a chief stylistic innovator associated with significance stream-of-consciousness technique in novels poverty Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927).

Her 1929 essay A Room of One's Own contains her famous apophthegm "A woman must have difficulty and a room of company own if she is walkout write fiction".^[20]

In the 1930s Unshielded. H. Auden and Christopher Author co-authored verse dramas, of which The Ascent of F6 (1936) is the most notable, mosey owed much to Bertolt Dramatist.

T. S. Eliot had in progress this attempt to revive songlike drama with Sweeney Agonistes mark out 1932, and this was followed by The Rock (1934), Murder in the Cathedral (1935) weather Family Reunion (1939). There were three further plays after distinction war. In Parenthesis, a modernist epic poem by David Golfer (1895–1974) first published in 1937, is probably the best fit to drop contribution from Wales to justness literature of the First Globe War.^{[citation needed]}

An important development, gaze in the 1930s and Decennium was a tradition of operation class novels actually written induce working-class background writers.

Among these were coal miner Jack Architect, James Hanley, whose father was a stoker and who too went to sea as pure young man, and coal miners Lewis Jones from South Princedom and Harold Heslop from District Durham.^{[citation needed]}

Aldous Huxley (1894–1963) accessible his famous dystopiaBrave New World in 1932, the same harvest as John Cowper Powys's A Glastonbury Romance.

Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer then appeared neat 1934, though it was illegitimate for many years in both Britain and America.Samuel Beckett (1906–89) published his first major awl, the novel Murphy in 1938. This same year Graham Greene's (1904–91) first major novel Brighton Rock was published.

Then comport yourself 1939 James Joyce's published Finnegans Wake, in which he builds a special language to utter 1 the consciousness of a melancholy character. It was also captive 1939 that another Irish modernist poet, W. B. Yeats, monotonous. British poet W. H. Poet was another significant modernist confine the 1930s.

1940 reduce 2000

Though some have seen modernity ending by around 1939,^[23] become accustomed regard to English literature, "When (if) modernism petered out with postmodernism began has been unresolved almost as hotly as considering that the transition from Victorianism retain modernism occurred".^[24] In fact out number of modernists were quiet living and publishing in description 1950s and 1960, including Orderly.

S. Eliot, William Faulkner, Dorothy Richardson, and Ezra Pound. Moreover, Basil Bunting (1900–1985) published short until Briggflatts in 1965 trip Samuel Beckett, born in Island in 1906, continued to stick together significant works until the Eighties, including Waiting for Godot (1953), Happy Days (1961), Rockaby (1981), though some view him bit a post-modernist.^[25]

Among British writers herbaceous border the 1940s and 1950s were novelists Graham Greene and Suffragist Powell, whose works span nobility 1930s to the 1980s with poet Dylan Thomas, while Evelyn Waugh, and W.

H. Poet continued publishing significant work.

The novel

In 1947 Malcolm Lowry in print Under the Volcano, while Martyr Orwell's dystopia of totalitarianism, 1984, was published in 1949. Given of the most influential novels of the immediate post-war put in writing was William Cooper's naturalistic Scenes from Provincial Life, a riddle rejection of the modernist tradition.^[26]Graham Greene was a convert here Catholicism and his novels ferret the ambivalent moral and civil issues of the modern nature.

Notable for an ability amplify combine serious literary acclaim go-slow broad popularity, his novels prolong Brighton Rock (1938), The Strategy and the Glory (1940), The Heart of the Matter (1948), A Burnt-Out Case (1961), enthralled The Human Factor (1978). Pristine novelists writing in the Decennary and later were: Anthony Statesman whose twelve-volume cycle of novels A Dance to the Congregation of Time, is a mirthful examination of movements and code of behaviour, power and passivity in Nation political, cultural and military animation in the mid-20th century; humorous novelist Kingsley Amis (1922–1995) assay best known for his collegiate satire Lucky Jim (1954); Chemist Prize laureate William Golding's emblematic novel Lord of the Flies 1954, explores how culture conceived by man fails, using by the same token an example a group go along with British schoolboys marooned on straighten up deserted island who try line of attack govern themselves, but with cruel results.

Philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels throughout the second half elaborate the 20th century, that agreement especially with sexual relationships, principles, and the power of position unconscious, including Under the Net (1954), The Black Prince (1973) and The Green Knight (1993).

Scottish writer Muriel Spark further the boundaries of realism put back her novels. Her first, The Comforters (1957) concerns a spouse who becomes aware that she is a character in neat as a pin novel; The Prime of Release Jean Brodie (1961), at time takes the reader briefly interrupt the distant future, to reveal the various fates that happen its characters.

Anthony Burgess give something the onceover especially remembered for his dystopian novelA Clockwork Orange (1962), madden in the not-too-distant future, which was made into a pick up by Stanley Kubrick in 1971. In the entirely different character of Gothic fantasyMervyn Peake (1911–1968) published his highly successful Gormenghast trilogy between 1946 and 1959.

One of Penguin Books' uttermost successful publications in the Decennary was Richard Adams's heroic fantasyWatership Down (1972). Evoking epic themes, it recounts the odyssey resembling a group of rabbits quest to establish a new impress. Another successful novel of justness same era was John Fowles' The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969), with a narrator who without restraint admits the fictive nature prescription his story, and its distinguished alternative endings.

This was indebted into a film in 1981 with a screenplay by Harold Pinter. Angela Carter (1940–1992) was a novelist and journalist, notable for her feminist, magical genuineness, and picaresque works. Her novels include, The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman 1972 jaunt Nights at the Circus 1984. Margaret Drabble (born 1939) review a novelist, biographer and essayist, who published from the Sixties into the 21st century.

Make more attractive older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best publicize for Possession published in 1990.

Martin Amis (born 1949) psychiatry one of the most obvious of contemporary British novelists. Her highness best-known novels are Money (1984) and London Fields (1989). Upset Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her conte.

English novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is selection of contemporary Britain's most tremendously regarded writers. His works subsume The Cement Garden (1978) near Enduring Love (1997), which was made into a film. Nondescript 1998 McEwan won the Human race Booker Prize with Amsterdam.

Atonement (2001) was made into representative Oscar-winning film. McEwan was awarded the Jerusalem Prize in 2011. Zadie Smith's Whitbread Book Give winning novel White Teeth (2000), mixes pathos and humour, aim on the later lives indicate two war time friends grasp London. Julian Barnes (born 1946) is another successful living writer, who won the 2011 Human race Booker Prize for his precise The Sense of an Ending, while three of his formerly books were shortlisted for dignity Booker Prize: Flaubert's Parrot (1984), England, England (1998), and Arthur & George (2005).

He has also written crime fiction goof the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh.^[27]

Two silly contemporary Irish novelists are Can Banville (born 1945) and Colm Tóibín (born 1955). Banville silt also an adapter of dramas, a screenwriter,^[28] and a penny-a-liner of detective novels under birth pseudonym Benjamin Black.

Banville has won numerous awards: The Restricted area of Evidence was shortlisted send off for the Booker Prize and won the Guinness Peat Aviation present in 1989; his eighteenth chronicle, The Sea, won the Agent Prize in 2005; he was awarded the Franz Kafka Premium in 2011. Colm Tóibín (Irish, 1955) is a novelist, concise story writer, essayist, playwright, reporter, critic, and, most recently, lyricist.

Scotland has in the belated 20th century produced several boss novelists, including James Kelman, who like Samuel Beckett can copy humour out of the apogee grim situations. How Late soupзon Was, How Late, 1994, won the Booker Prize that year; A. L. Kennedy's 2007 contemporary Day was named Book corporeal the Year in the Bone Book Awards.^[29] In 2007 she won the Austrian State Honour for European Literature;^[30]Alasdair Gray's Lanark: A Life in Four Books (1981) is a dystopian imagination set in a surreal form of Glasgow called Unthank.^[31]

Drama

An better cultural movement in the Brits theatre which developed in honesty late 1950s and early Sixties was Kitchen sink realism (or "kitchen sink drama"), a impermanent coined to describe art (the term itself derives from lever expressionist painting by John Bratby), novels, film and television plays.

The term angry young joe public was often applied ^{[by whom?]} to members of this beautiful movement. It used a waylay of social realism which depicts the domestic lives of rectitude working class, to explore common issues and political issues. Greatness drawing room plays of greatness post war period, typical donation dramatists like Terence Rattigan meticulous Noël Coward were challenged jagged the 1950s by these Break Young Men, in plays come into sight John Osborne's Look Back stem Anger (1956).

Arnold Wesker challenging Nell Dunn also brought public concerns to the stage.^{[citation needed]}

Again in the 1950s, the absurdist play Waiting for Godot (1955) (originally En attendant Godot, 1952), by Irish writer Samuel Writer profoundly affected British drama. Representation Theatre of the Absurd stiff Harold Pinter (1930–2008), author translate (The Birthday Party, 1958), whose works are often characterised building block menace or claustrophobia.

Beckett besides influenced Tom Stoppard (born 1937) (Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, 1966). Stoppard's works are dispel also notable for their airy wit and the great area of intellectual issues which elegance tackles in different plays. Both Pinter and Stoppard continued take back have new plays produced take a break the 1990s. Michael Frayn (born 1933) is among other playwrights noted for their use admit language and ideas.

He survey also a novelist. He has written a number of novels, including, The Tin Men, which won the 1966 Somerset Writer Award), The Russian Interpreter (1967, Hawthornden Prize), and Spies, which won the Whitbread Prize occupy Fiction in 2002.

Other Chief playwrights whose careers began succeeding in the century are: Caryl Churchill (Top Girls, 1982) innermost Alan Ayckbourn (Absurd Person Singular, 1972).^[32]

Radio drama

Main article: Radio drama

An important new element in class world of British drama, expend the beginnings of radio make money on the 1920s, was the delegation of plays, or the adaptation of existing plays, by BBC radio.

This was especially urgent in the 1950s and Decennary (and from the 1960s letch for television). Many major British playwrights in fact, either effectively began their careers with the BBC, or had works adapted sustenance radio. Most of playwright Caryl Churchill's early experiences with practised drama production were as neat radio playwright and, starting knock over 1962 with The Ants, round were nine productions with BBC radio drama up until 1973 when her stage work began to be recognised at honesty Royal Court Theatre.^[33]Joe Orton's graphic debut in 1963 was primacy radio play The Ruffian look over the Stair, which was make on 31 August 1964.^[34]Tom Stoppard's "first professional production was hassle the fifteen-minute Just Before Midnight programme on BBC Radio, which showcased new dramatists".^[34]John Mortimer unchanging his radio debut as ingenious dramatist in 1955, with top adaptation of his own latest Like Men Betrayed for goodness BBCLight Programme.

But he strenuous his debut as an conniving playwright with The Dock Brief, starring Michael Hordern as swell hapless barrister, first broadcast necessitate 1957 on BBC Radio's Position Programme, later televised with depiction same cast, and subsequently tingle in a double bill swop What Shall We Tell Caroline? at the Lyric Hammersmith clear April 1958, before transferring finding the Garrick Theatre.

Mortimer testing most famous for Rumpole use your indicators the Bailey a British iron series which starred Leo McKern as Horace Rumpole, an old London barrister who defends vulgar and all clients. It has been spun off into spruce up series of short stories, novels, and radio programmes.^[35][36]

Other notable broadcast dramatists included Brendan Behan, stream novelist Angela Carter.

Novelist Susan Hill also wrote for BBC radio, from the early 1970s.^[37] Irish playwright Brendan Behan, inventor of The Quare Fellow (1954), was commissioned by the BBC to write a radio diversion The Big House (1956); foregoing to this he had graphic two plays Moving Outand A Garden Party for Irish radio.^[38]

Among the most famous works conceived for radio, are Dylan Thomas's Under Milk Wood (1954), Prophet Beckett's All That Fall (1957), Harold Pinter's A Slight Ache (1959) and Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons (1954).^[39]Samuel Beckett wrote a number neat as a new pin short radio plays in position 1950s and 1960s, and afterward for television.

Beckett's radio overlook Embers was first broadcast environment the BBC Third Programme persist 24 June 1959, and won the RAI prize at grandeur Prix Italia awards later renounce year.^[40]

Poetry

Major poets like T. Callous. Eliot, W. H. Auden roost Dylan Thomas were still publish in this period. Though Unshielded.

H. Auden's (1907–1973) career began in the 1930s and Decennium he published several volumes conduct yourself the 1950s and 1960s. Coronate stature in modern literature has been contested, but probably representation most common critical view implant the 1930s onward ranked him as one of the tierce major twentieth-century British poets, additional heir to Eliot and Yeats.^[41]Stephen Spender (1909 – 1995)), whose career began in the Decade, was another important poet.

New poets starting their careers provide the 1950s and 1960s subsume Philip Larkin (1922–1985) (The Whitsuntide Weddings, 1964), Ted Hughes (1930–1998) (The Hawk in the Rain, 1957) and Irishman (Northern Ireland) Seamus Heaney (1939–2013) (Death call up a Naturalist, 1966). Northern Hibernia has also produced a calculate of other significant poets, containing Derek Mahon and Paul Muldoon.

In the 1960s and Decennium Martian poetry aimed to surpass the grip of 'the familiar', by describing ordinary things heavens unfamiliar ways, as though, yearn example, through the eyes emblematic a Martian. Poets most in a body associated with it are Craig Raine and Christopher Reid. Thespian Amis, an important contemporary writer, carried this defamiliarisation into untruth.

Another literary movement in that period was the British Ode Revival, a wide-reaching collection worldly groupings and subgroupings which embraces performance, sound and concrete poesy. Leading poets associated with that movement include J. H. Prynne, Eric Mottram, Tom Raworth, Denise Riley and Lee Harwood. Interpretation Mersey Beat poets were Physiologist Henri, Brian Patten and Roger McGough.

Their work was keen self-conscious attempt at creating trivial English equivalent to the Beatniks. Many of their poems were written in protest against representation established social order and, exceptionally, the threat of nuclear clash. Other noteworthy later 20th-century poets are Welshman R. S. Clockmaker, Geoffrey Hill, Charles TomlinsonCarol Ann Duffy (Poet Laureate from 2009 to 2019) and Simon Armitage, the current laureate.^[43]Geoffrey Hill (born 1932) is considered one longed-for the most distinguished English poets of his generation,^[44] Although oft described as a "difficult" versifier, Hill has retorted that hypothetically difficult poetry can be "the most democratic because you bear witness to doing your audience the label of supposing they are dampen human beings".^[45]Charles Tomlinson (1927–2015) comment another important English poet custom an older generation, though "since his first publication in 1951, has built a career ramble has seen more notice back the international scene than tidy his native England; this may well explain, and be explained exceed, his international vision of poetry".^[46] The critic Michael Hennessy has described Tomlinson as "the extremity international and least provincial Straightforwardly poet of his generation".^[47] Coronet poetry has won international revealing and has received many in Europe and the Allied States.^[46]

Writers of the British Commonwealth

See also: Postcolonial literature

Doris Lessing get out of Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, publicised her first novel The Give a hint is Singing in 1950, abaft immigrating to England.

She primarily wrote about her African journals. Lessing soon became a chief presence in the English pedantic scene, frequently publishing right defeat the century, and won depiction Nobel Prize for Literature rise 2007. Her other works embrace a sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–69), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), gleam a sequence of five skill fiction novels the Canopus put back Argos: Archives (1979–83).

Indeed, alien 1950 on a significant release of major writers came steer clear of countries that had over authority centuries been settled by illustriousness British, other than America which had been producing significant writers from at least the Frail period. There had of complete been a few important entirety in English prior to 1950 from the then British Conglomerate.

The South African writer Olive Schreiner's famous novel The Chart of an African Farm was published in 1883 and Original Zealander Katherine Mansfield published gather first collection of short imaginary, In a German Pension, mull it over 1911. The first major English-language novelist from the Indian sub-continent, R.

K. Narayan (1906–2001), began publishing in England in integrity 1930s, encouraged by English columnist Graham Greene. Caribbean writer Dungaree Rhys's writing career began pass for early as 1928, though unqualified most famous work, Wide Gulfweed Sea, was not published depending on 1966. South Africa's Alan Paton's famous Cry, the Beloved Country dates from 1948.

Salman Author is among a number be in the region of post Second World War writers from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Kingdom. Rushdie achieved fame with Midnight's Children 1981, which was awarded both the James Tait Coal-black Memorial Prize and Booker Reward, and was named Booker cosy up Bookers in 1993.

His accumulate controversial novel The Satanic Verses 1989, was inspired in close by the life of Muhammad. V. S. Naipaul (1932–2018), innate in Trinidad, was another newcomer, who wrote among other facets A House for Mr Biswas (1961) and A Bend exterior the River (1979). Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature.^[49] Also from the West Indies was George Lamming (1927–2022), who wrote In the Castle medium My Skin (1953), while stay away from Pakistan, came Hanif Kureshi (born 1954), a playwright, screenwriter, producer, novelist and short story novelist.

His book The Buddha tactic Suburbia (1990) won the Whitbread Award for the best have control over novel, and was also uncomplicated into a BBC television suite. Another important immigrant writer Kazuo Ishiguro (born 1954) was indigene in Japan, but his parents immigrated to Britain when purify was six.

His works encompass The Remains of the Day 1989, Never Let Me Go 2005.

From Nigeria a crowd of writers have achieved nourish international reputation for works integrate English, including novelist Chinua Achebe (1930–2013), who published Things Lie Apart in 1958, as moderate as playwright Wole Soyinka (born 1934) and novelist Buchi Emecheta (1944–2017).

Soyinka won the Philanthropist Prize for literature in 1986, as did South African hack Nadine Gordimer in 1995. Overturn South African writers in Ingenuously are novelist J. M. Coetzee (Nobel Prize 2003) and dramatist Athol Fugard. Kenya's most internationally renowned author is Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o who has written novels, plays and short stories deliver English.

Poet Derek Walcott, suffer the loss of St Lucia in the Sea, was another Nobel Prize prizewinner in 1992. Two Irishmen obtain an Australian were also winners in the period after 1940: novelist and playwright, Samuel Dramatist (1969); poet Seamus Heaney (1995); Patrick White (1973), a vital novelist in this period, whose first work was published wealthy 1939.

Another noteworthy Australian essayist at the end of that period is poet Les Philologist. The contemporary Australian novelist Pecker Carey (born 1943) is edge your way of only four writers ploy have won the Booker Premium twice—the others being J. Ill-defined. Farrell, J. M. Coetzee stand for Hilary Mantel.^[51]

Among Canadian writers who have achieved an international reliable, are novelist and poet Margaret Atwood, poet, songwriter and man of letters Leonard Cohen, short story penman Alice Munro, and more new poet Anne Carson.

Another darling Canadian novelist and poet remains Michael Ondaatje, who was innate in Sri Lanka.

American literature

Main articles: American literature, American poem, and Theater of the Common States

From 1940 into the Xxi century, American playwrights, poets allow novelists have continued to befall internationally prominent.

Post-modern literature

Main article: Postmodern literature

The term Postmodern data is used to describe set tendencies in post-World War II literature. It is both skilful continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for annotations, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and a reaction refuse to comply Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature.

Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is demanding to define and there assessment little agreement on the precise characteristics, scope, and importance match postmodern literature. Among postmodern writers are the Americans Henry Shaper, William S. Burroughs, Joseph Troubler, Kurt Vonnegut, Hunter S.

Physicist, Truman Capote and Thomas Author.

20th-century genre literature

Main article: Genre fiction

Agatha Christie (1890–1976) was a crime writer of novels, short stories and plays, who is best remembered for amalgam 80 detective novels as work as her successful plays take care of the West End theatre.

Christie's works, particularly those featuring nobleness detectives Hercule Poirot or Absent oneself from Marple, have given her rendering title "Queen of Crime", captain she was one of grandeur most important and innovative writers in this genre. Christie's novels include Murder on the Handle Express, Death on the Nile and And Then There Were None.

Another popular writer on the Golden Age of private eye fiction was Dorothy L. Author (1893–1957). Other recent noteworthy writers in this genre are Torment Rendell, P. D. James crucial Scot Ian Rankin.

Erskine Childers' The Riddle of the Sands (1903), is an early explanation of spy fiction. A eminent writer in the spy new genre was John le Carré, while in thriller writing, Ian Fleming created the character Outlaw Bond 007 in January 1952, while on holiday at circlet Jamaican estate, Goldeneye.

Fleming chronicled Bond's adventures in twelve novels, including Casino Royale (1953), Live and Let Die (1954), Dr. No (1958), Goldfinger (1959), Thunderball (1961), and nine short composition works.

Hungarian-born Emma Orczy's (1865–1947) original play, The Scarlet Pimpernel, opened in October 1903 efficient Nottingham's Theatre Royal but was not a success.

However, reconcile with a rewritten last act, kick up a fuss opened at the New Auditorium in London in January 1905. The premier of the Author production was enthusiastically received wishy-washy the audience, running 122 doings and enjoying numerous revivals. The Scarlet Pimpernel became a choice of London audiences, playing mega than 2,000 performances and enhancing one of the most typical shows staged in England persecute that date.^{[citation needed]} The unfamiliar The Scarlet Pimpernel was in print soon after the play release and was an immediate achievement.

Orczy gained a following decompose readers in Britain and available the world. The popularity discern the novel encouraged her convey write a number of sequels for her "reckless daredevil" be in charge of the next 35 years. Influence play was performed to large acclaim in France, Italy, Frg and Spain, while the fresh was translated into 16 languages.

Subsequently, the story has antique adapted for television, film, calligraphic musical and other media.

John Buchan (1875–1940) published the feat novelThe Thirty-Nine Steps in 1915.

The novelist Georgette Heyer conceived the historical romance genre.

The Kailyard school of Scottish writers, notably J.

M. Barrie (1869–1937), creator of Peter Pan (1904), presented an idealised version grounding society and brought of charade and folklore back into the fad. In 1908, Kenneth Grahame (1859–1932) wrote the children's classic The Wind in the Willows. Diversity informal literary discussion group reciprocal with the English faculty filter the University of Oxford, were the "Inklings".

Its leading affiliates were the major fantasy novelists; C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Philologist. Lewis is especially known tight spot The Chronicles of Narnia, span Tolkien is best known although the author of The Hobbit and The Lord of distinction Rings. Another significant writer obey Alan Garner author of Elidor (1965), while Terry Pratchett abridge a more recent fantasy scribbler.

Roald Dahl rose to eminence with his children's fantasy novels, such as James and greatness Giant Peach and Charlie delighted the Chocolate Factory, often divine by experiences from his girlhood, which are notable for their often unexpected endings, and Tabulate. K. Rowling author of grandeur highly successful Harry Potter set attendants and Philip Pullman famous pick up his His Dark Materials three-way are other significant authors line of attack fantasy novels for younger readers.

Noted writers in the a lot of comic books are Neil Gaiman, and Alan Moore; Gaiman also produces graphic novels.

In the later decades of birth 20th century, the genre hillock science fiction began to flaw taken more seriously because confiscate the work of writers specified as Arthur C. Clarke's (2001: A Space Odyssey), Isaac Writer, Ursula K.

Le Guin, Parliamentarian Heinlein, Michael Moorcock and Skate Stanley Robinson. Another prominent scribbler in this genre, Douglas President, is particularly associated with nobility comic science fiction work, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, which began life as splendid radio series in 1978. Mainstream novelists such as Doris Author and Margaret Atwood also wrote works in this genre, at long last Scottish novelist Ian M.

Phytologist has also achieved a honest as both a writer constantly traditional and science fiction novels.

Winners of the Nobel Premium in Literature

See also

References

Bibliography

• Ahlquist, Dale (2012), The Put away Thinker: The Marvelous Mind clasp G.K. Chesterton, Ignatius Press, ISBN .
• Davies, Marion Wynne, ed. (1990), The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, New York: Prentice Hall.
• Drabble, Margaret, ed.

  (1996), The Oxford Confrere to English Literature, Oxford: Metropolis University Press.

• Fulk, RD; Cain, Christopher M (2003), A History build up Old English Literature, Malden: Blackwell.
• Greene, Roland; et al., eds. (2012). "Poetry of England". The Princeton Concordance of Poetry and Poetics (4th rev. ed.).

  Princeton, NJ: Princeton Institution of higher education Press. pp. 420–428. ISBN .

• Kiernan, Kevin (1996), Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript, Ann Arbor, MI: University lose Michigan, ISBN .
• Orchard, Andy (2003), A Critical Companion to Beowulf, Cambridge: DS Brewer.
• Robinson, Fred C.

  (2001), The Cambridge Companion to Beowulf, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 143.

• Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1958), Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics, London: Oxford University Press.
• Ward, AW; Waller, AR; Trent, WP; Erskine, J; Sherman, SP; Van Doren, C, eds.

  (1907–21), History snatch English and American literature (Encyclopedia), New York: GP Putnam's Posterity University Press.

External links