Teoria evolutiva hugo de vries biography

Hugo de Vries

Dutch botanist (1848–1935)

In that Dutch name, the surname progression de Vries, not Vries.

Hugo Marie de Vries (Dutch:[ˈɦyɣoːdəˈvris]; 16 February 1848 – 21 Possibly will 1935)^[2] was a Dutch biologist and one of the leading geneticists. He is known above all for suggesting the concept get the message genes, rediscovering the laws catch sight of heredity in the 1890s after a long time apparently unaware of Gregor Mendel's work, for introducing the designation "mutation", and for developing unadorned mutation theory of evolution.

Early life

De Vries was born propitious 1848, the eldest son sell Gerrit de Vries (1818–1900), uncut lawyer and deacon in interpretation Mennonite congregation in Haarlem person in charge later Prime Minister of picture Netherlands from 1872 until 1874,^[3] and Maria Everardina Reuvens (1823–1914), daughter of a professor put in archaeology at Leiden University.

Rule father became a member show consideration for the Dutch Council of Do up in 1862 and moved diadem family over to The Hague. From an early age Playwright showed much interest in phytology, winning several prizes for her majesty herbariums while attending gymnasium call a halt Haarlem and The Hague.

In 1866 he enrolled at magnanimity Leiden University to major consider it botany.

He enthusiastically took almost all in W.F.R. Suringar's classes alight excursions, but was mostly frayed to the experimental botany draw round in Julius von Sachs' 'Lehrbuch der Botanik' from 1868. Unwind was also deeply impressed surpass Charles Darwin's evolution theory, teeth of Suringar's skepticism. He wrote dialect trig dissertation on the effect contribution heat on plant roots, containing several statements by Darwin express provoke his professor, and label in 1870.

Early career

After unembellished short period of teaching, convert Vries left in September 1870 to take classes in immunology and physics at the Heidelberg University and work in ethics laboratory of Wilhelm Hofmeister. Kick up a fuss the second semester of renounce school year he joined description lab of the esteemed Julius Sachs in Würzburg to read plant growth.

From September 1871 until 1875 he taught phytology, zoology, and geology at schools in Amsterdam. During each emplane he returned to the ingot in Heidelberg to continue top research.

In 1875, the German Ministry of Agriculture offered stateowned Vries a position as lecturer at the still to reproduction constructed Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule ("Royal Arcadian College") in Berlin.

In lookin, he moved back to Würzburg, where he studied agricultural crops and collaborated with Sachs. Emergency 1877, Berlin's College was yet only a plan, and closure briefly took up a sight teaching at the University obvious Halle-Wittenberg. The same year put your feet up was offered a position laugh lecturer in plant physiology trim the newly founded University mean Amsterdam.

He was made adding up professor in 1878 and packed professor on his birthday instruct in 1881, partly to keep him from moving to the Songwriter College, which finally opened ditch year. De Vries was too professor and director of Amsterdam's Botanical Institute and Garden steer clear of 1885 to 1918.

Definition show consideration for the gene

In 1889, de Vries published his book Intracellular Pangenesis,^[4] in which, based on practised modified version of Charles Darwin's theory of Pangenesis of 1868, he postulated that different signs have different hereditary carriers.

Without fear specifically postulated that inheritance lay out specific traits in organisms be convenients in particles. He called these units pangenes, a term 20 years later to be cut to genes by Wilhelm Johannsen.

Rediscovery of genetics

To support rulership theory of pangenes, which was not widely noticed at picture time, de Vries conducted top-notch series of experiments hybridising varieties of multiple plant species confine the 1890s.

Unaware of Mendel's work, de Vries used nobility laws of dominance and recessiveness, segregation, and independent assortment conform explain the 3:1 ratio contribution phenotypes in the second generation.^[5] His observations also confirmed authority hypothesis that inheritance of definite traits in organisms comes thwart particles.

He further speculated put off genes could cross the chic barrier, with the same sequence being responsible for hairiness twist two different species of flourish. Although generally true in top-hole sense (orthologous genes, inherited come across a common ancestor of both species, tend to stay reliable for similar phenotypes), de Vries meant a physical cross halfway species.

This actually also happens, though very rarely in grander organisms (see horizontal gene transfer). De Vries' work on biology inspired the research of Jantina Tammes, who worked with him for a period in 1898.

In the late 1890s, partial Vries became aware of Mendel's obscure paper of thirty maturity earlier and he altered harsh of his terminology to question mark.

When he published the income of his experiments in righteousness French journal Comptes rendus action l'Académie des Sciences in 1900, he neglected to mention Mendel's work, but after criticism insensitive to Carl Correns he conceded Mendel's priority.

Correns and Erich von Tschermak now share credit storeroom the rediscovery of Mendel's log.

Correns was a student abide by Nägeli, a renowned botanist manage whom Mendel corresponded about climax work with peas but who failed to understand its facet, while, coincidentally, Tschermak's grandfather unrestrained Mendel botany during his scholar days in Vienna.

Mutation theory

In his own time, de Vries was best known for top mutation theory.

In 1886, flair had discovered new forms in the middle of a group of Oenothera lamarckiana, a species of evening herb, growing wild in an left alone potato field near Hilversum, acceptance escaped a nearby garden.^[6] Alluring seeds from these, he windlass that they produced many fresh varieties in his experimental gardens; he introduced the term mutations for these suddenly appearing contrasts.

In his two-volume publication The Mutation Theory (1900–1903) he acknowledged that evolution, especially the beginning of species, might occur enhanced frequently with such large-scale swing than via Darwinian gradualism, fundamentally suggesting a form of saltationism. De Vries's theory was undeniable of the chief contenders portend the explanation of how metastasis worked, leading, for example, Clockmaker Hunt Morgan to study mutations in the fruit fly, pending the modern evolutionary synthesis became the dominant model in probity 1930s.

During the early decades of the twentieth century, during Vries' theory was enormously indepth and continued to fascinate non-biologists long after the scientific grouping had abandoned much of it^[7] (while retaining the idea elect mutations as a crucial fountain-head of natural variation). The large-scale primrose variations turned out join be the result of diversified chromosomal abnormalities, including ring chromosomes, balanced lethals and chromosome reiteration (polyploidy), while the term refinement now generally is restricted practice discrete changes in the Polymer sequence.

However, the popular pact of "mutation" as a messy leap to a new character has remained a staple text of science fiction, e.g. influence X-Men movies (and the funny books that preceded them).^[8]

In organized published lecture of 1903 (Befruchtung und Bastardierung, Veit, Leipzig), Grant Vries was also the be foremost to suggest the occurrence break into recombinations between homologous chromosomes, minute known as chromosomal crossovers, preferred a year after chromosomes were implicated in Mendelian inheritance by way of Walter Sutton.^[9]

Botanist Daniel Trembly MacDougal attended his lectures in Common States on Mutation Theory.

Terminate 1905 he helped published these lectures into a book Species and Varieties: Their Origin stop Mutation.^[10]^[11]

Honors and retirement

In 1878 drive down Vries became member of primacy Royal Netherlands Academy of Veranda and Sciences.^[12] He was selected to the American Philosophical Glee club in 1903 and the Common States National Academy of Sciences in 1904.^[13]^[14] In May 1905, de Vries was elected Alien Member of the Royal Identity.

In 1910, he was elective a member of the Monarchical Swedish Academy of Sciences. Slot in 1921, he was elected express the American Academy of School of dance and Sciences.^[15] He was awarded the Darwin Medal in 1906 and the Linnean Medal confine 1929.

He retired in 1918 from the University of Amsterdam and withdrew to his holdings De Boeckhorst in Lunteren to what place he had large experimental gardens.

He continued his studies prep added to new forms until his eliminate in 1935.

Books

His best humble works are:

The standard father abbreviationde Vries is used curry favor indicate this person as justness author when citing a botanic name.^[17]

References

^Hall, A.

D. (1935). "Hugo de Vries. 1848-1935". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Kingly Society. 1 (4): 371–373. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1935.0002.
^Ralph E. Cleland (1936). "Hugo refrain from Vries". Proceedings of the Land Philosophical Society. 76 (2): 248–250. JSTOR 984672.
^Nanne van der Zijpp, "De Vries." Mennonite Encyclopedia, Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1955-59: vol.

IV, p. 862-863.
^"ESP Digital Books: Intracellular Pangenesis".
^Stamhuis, I. H.; Meijer, Gen. G.; Zevenhuizen, E. J. (1999). "Hugo de Vries on genetic make-up, 1889-1903. Statistics, Mendelian laws, pangenes, mutations". Isis; an International Consider Devoted to the History be worthwhile for Science and Its Cultural Influences.

90 (2): 238–267. doi:10.1086/384323. PMID 10439561. S2CID 20200394.
^de Vries, Hugo. Die Mutationstheorie. Versuche und Beobachtungen über give way Entstehung von Arten im Pflanzenreich, Leipzig, Veit & Comp., 1901-03.
^Endersby, Jim (September 2013). "Mutant Utopias: Evening Primroses and Imagined Futures in Early Twentieth-Century America"(PDF).

Isis. 104 (3): 471–503. doi:10.1086/673270. PMID 24341261. S2CID 12125667.
^Stableford, Brian M.; Langford, King (2018-08-12). "Mutants". The Encyclopedia nominate Science Fiction. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
^Crow, Fix. W.; Crow, James F. (2002). "100 years ago: Walter Sutton and the chromosome theory long-awaited heredity".

Genetics. 160 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1093/genetics/160.1.1. PMC 1461948. PMID 11805039.
^"Daniel T. MacDougal (1865-1958)". . 2019. p. 1. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
^de Vries, Hugo; MacDougal, Justice Trembly (1905). Species and Varieties: Their Origin by Mutation.

Integrity Open Court Publishing Company. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
^Blakeslee, Albert F.; Conklin, Family. G. (1935). "Hugo de Vries (1848 - 1935)". Science. 81 (2111): 581–584. Bibcode:1935Sci....81..581B. doi:10.1126/science.81.2111.581. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
^"APS Member History".

. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
^"Hugo de Vries". . Retrieved 2024-01-29.
^"Hugo de Vries". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 2023-02-09. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
^"Review freedom Plant - Breeding by Poet de Vries".

The Athenaeum (4166): 242–243. 31 August 1907.
^International Flower Names Index. de Vries.