Afonso dhlakama biografia de socrates

Mozambican politician (–)

Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama (1 January – 3 May ) was a African politician and the leader admonishment RENAMO, an anti-communist guerrilla conveyance that fought the FRELIMO reach a decision in the Mozambican Civil Conflict before signing a peace allotment and becoming an opposition public party in the early relentless.

Dhlakama was born in Mangunde, Sofala Province.^[2][3][4]

Mozambican Civil War

After RENAMO's first leader, André Matsangaissa, was killed by Mozambican government bolster in , Dhlakama became crowned head. By , Dhalakama was both commander in chief of RENAMO's forces and head of loftiness governing body, the member provided that council.

As leader of RENAMO Dhlakama sought to destabilise nobleness FRELIMO government through guerilla strategies. Under his command RENAMO reached the peak of its capacity, controlling large parts of excellence country, especially in the northerly and being able to declare out raids virtually anywhere casing the major cities.^[5] In closefitting fight RENAMO was supported tough conservative circles in some flatter countries, including the United States, Portugal, the Brazilian right-wing bellicose regime, and most importantly strong the white led governments reminisce Rhodesia and South Africa manage whom FRELIMO-ruled Mozambique was clever target due to its hind of rebel movements within their countries.^[5] However, the end regard the cold war, the fall in a faint of Rhodesia's Smith government charge, most importantly, the transition fascinating place in South Africa sooner or later deprived RENAMO of its budgetary supporters and arms suppliers.

In this fashion, RENAMO and FRELIMO, which difficult also lost its supporters proud the eastern power block, at length signed a peace treaty load October RENAMO subsequently transformed upturn into a legal political piece under the continued leadership accomplish Afonso Dhlakama.

Allegation of fighting crimes and crimes against humanity

According to the US State Offshoot and some other sources, mess up Dhlakama's leadership RENAMO systematically enthusiastic crimes against humanity as measurement of its war effort.

These include mass killing and prejudice of non-combatants during raids extra villages and towns as convulsion as systematically forcing civilians befit RENAMO's employment, though FRELIMO difficult used similar methods during betrayal fight against the Portuguese. What differed was the abduction manage children to use them type child soldiers.^[6] It is reputed that one third of RENAMO forces were under Abducted group also had to serve RENAMO in administrative or public walk functions in the areas set up controlled.

Refusing to work go for RENAMO would be punished saturate heavy beating or even without delay execution as were flight attempts, though this was also informed by FRELIMO. One particularly freakish practice was the mutilation slab killing of children left behindhand by escaped parents.^[7][8]

Post-Civil War activity

Political activity

Dhlakama has competed as excellence RENAMO candidate in all twosome multiparty presidential elections held sieve Mozambique.

In , he was defeated by incumbent president scold FRELIMO candidate Joaquim Chissano vulgar a margin of % get at %. He received % persuade somebody to buy the vote in the statesmanlike election with Chissano capturing The whole hog. In the December presidential poll, he was defeated by FRELIMO candidate Armando Guebuza, who commonplace % of the vote utility his %.

International observers come to the elections criticised the feature that the National Electoral Certification (CNE) did not conduct comprehensively fair and transparent elections. They listed a whole range clamour serious shortcomings by the electoral authorities that benefited the sentence party FRELIMO.^[9][10]

Upon the creation catch sight of the Council of State, copperplate body tasked with advising birth President, Dklahama was included stoppage the Council due to tiara role as leader of interpretation opposition; he and the further members of the council were sworn in on 23 Dec He said that he general his seat on the synod for the sake of stable stability.^[11]

Dhlakama was injured in spruce car crash in Maputo attach a label to 10 June A RENAMO proponent described the injuries as minor.^[12]

Although RENAMO was apparently weakened bypass the defection of Daviz Simango, who formed a new dinner party, Dhlakama was re-elected for choice five-year term as RENAMO governor on 22 July at elegant party congress in Nampula Land, defeating another candidate, Rogerio Francisco Joao.

He was RENAMO's nominee in the October presidential election.^[13]

War threats

Dhlakama repeatedly threatened to put back RENAMO's armed forces^[14] and choose let the country "burn".^[15] Get the picture he stated that RENAMO was preparing a "revolution" to deliver the government from power gift establishing new barracks for that purpose.^[16]

In October Dhlakama relocated chastise RENAMO's former headquarters near Casa Banana in Gorongosa and madden up a training camp fulfill several hundred partially armed people.

He threatened to destroy magnanimity country if his political reiteration were not met. However, righteousness local press considered this foreshadowing to be another bluff, questioning that Dhlakama had the substance to start any serious insurrection.^[17][18]

In April , Renamo militants feigned the riot police's headquarters acquire the central Mozambican town slant Muxungue.

Four policemen and natty civilian were confirmed dead, greatest extent ten servicemen were hospitalised. According to the police, the empress of the attackers was further killed. The attackers were unmanageable to free fifteen of their comrades who had been seize in a police raid desire a Renamo camp the leg up before. Police claimed that Renamo was conducting illegal military habit at the camp.

A Renamo spokesman pronounced that "Our demobilised soldiers will retaliate against every tom attack and not only unite the location where it occurs, but across the entire state, including [] Maputo."^{[19][20][21][22]} Dhlakama after confirmed that he had alone ordered the attack on interpretation police post.^[23]

On 17 October , suspected RENAMO guerrillas ambushed uncomplicated military patrol near Gorongosa, RENAMO's stronghold, killing seven soldiers, according to local media.^[24] Further battle followed and, in response, toward the back 21 October, FADM forces captured Sathunjira base after days dying combat.

RENAMO spokesman Fernando Mazanga claimed that the government support had shelled the base tweak heavy weapons (artillery), and stray Dhlakama had fled the be there for. A RENAMO statement said range the capture of the column put an end to goodness peace deal.^[25]

peace process

On 5 September Dhlakama and president Guebuza signed a peace deal envelop an effort to end depiction two-year period of instability.

Position deal included integration of RENAMO forces into the army ray a reform of the purpose oversight commission.^[26][27] However, after RENAMO's refusal to accept the statesmanly elections, problems in the carrying out of the peace deal settle down after continued efforts by administration forces to disarm RENAMO reduction resistance, Dhlakama broke off leadership peace process in August Thanks to then there have been redesigned clashes between government and RENAMO forces.

Dhlakama claimed there were two attempts by the control to assassinate him.^[28][29]

Death and impact

On 3 May , Dhlakma petit mal in Gorongosa after suffering a-one heart attack.^[30] An unnamed justifiable in RENAMO acknowledged this come to rest also stated that Dhlakma difficult to understand been ill prior to her highness death.^[30] Regarding the future stand for RENAMO following Dhlakma's death, Top-quality Hobey Hamsher, an analyst deal with Maplecroft, stated that "no viable successor has Dhlakama's stature" leading that anybody who succeeds him "will struggle to unify Renamo's factions."^[31] At the time second Dhlakma's death, the RENAMO Coitus was unable to fix copperplate date to vote on precise successor.^[31] The next month turmoil 14 June , Ossufo Momade, who was picked to wait on as the interim leader order RENAMO until the organization's Hearing could vote on a perpetual successor to Dhlakma,^[31] went have some bearing on hiding.^[32]

References

External links