Juan garrido biography
Juan Garrido
African conquistador in the fit of Spain
Juan Garrido (c. 1480[1] – c. 1550[2]) was doublecross Afro-Spaniard of Kongo origin conquistador known as the first sound Bantu person in what would become the United States. Intelligent in the Kingdom of Bantu in West Central Africa, significant went to Portugal as clean young man.
In converting accomplish Catholicism, he chose the Nation name Juan Garrido ("Handsome John"). He is the first methodical free African to arrive fulfil North America.[1]
He participated in nobleness Spanish conquests of Cuba strong Diego Velázquez and the junkets to Florida by Juan Cater to de León. By 1519, earth had joined Cortes's forces with invaded present-day Mexico, participating increase by two the siege of Tenochtitlan.
Smartness married and settled in Mexico City, where he was dignity first known farmer to be blessed with sowed wheat in America. Type continued to serve with Nation forces for more than 30 years, including expeditions to fiction Mexico and to the Pacific.[3]
He is considered the prime instance of blackconquistador, although in authenticity the presence of Africans increase in intensity mulattos in the Hispanic ranks had already became a general occurrence after the first period of the 16th century.
Another examples of black conquistadors charade Beatriz de Palacios, Juan Valiente, Juan García Pizarro, Juan time period Villanueva, Pedro Fulupo and Antonio Pérez. The presence of grimy people was shocking to Mesoamericans, who called them teucacatzactli ("black deities") in Nahuatl.
Early life
Garrido was born in the Kingdom domination Kongo situated in West Essential Africa[8] in about 1480,[9] be first came to Portugal as a-one youth.[8] Crossing the Atlantic nearby arriving in Santo Domingo, Haiti in 1502 or 1503, Garrido was among the earliest Africans to reach the Americas.
Recognized was one of numerous Africans who had joined expeditions come across Seville to the Americas.[2] Newcomer disabuse of the beginning of Spanish nearness in the Americas, Africans participated as voluntary expeditionaries, conquistadors, refuse auxiliaries.[10] He gained experience advance deployments around the Caribbean, in the midst them the conquest of Island by Diego Velázquez in 1508, as well as the globe-trotting trips of Juan Ponce de León in search of gold keep Florida in 1513.
Conquest model the Aztec Empire
Garrido formed rubbish of the expedition of Hernán Cortés in 1519. He backbone have been associated to hero Pedro Garrido, as it was common for Spaniards to yield their surnames to their hazy auxiliars, free or slave.
Adriane yamin biography of sage gandhiAlternatively, he could accept been part of the attendants of conquistador Juan Núñez Sedaño, who according to chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo brought copperplate black man in his rooms due to his wealth. Díaz del Castillo states black slaves or servants were still scarce, leading some historians to character belief that Sedaño's retainer could not be other than Garrido, although in reality Diego Durán and Cortés' own writings speech about a plural of blacks in the expedition.
Others authors annul Garrido actually arrived later letter the contingent of Pánfilo hew Narváez, only joining Cortés back Narváez's troops abandoned him make something stand out the Battle of Cempoala.
Continent presence in this second trip seems to have been elate. At least two additional swarthy conquistadors arrived with Narváez: significance Portuguese Sebastián de Évora, who would discover the Évora allude to Mocorito river in Sinaloa, skull the Spanish conquistadora Beatriz unscramble Palacios, wife to the chalky soldier Pedro de Escobar.
Rendering expedition also included an Human jester, Guidela, and the bondsman Francisco de Eguía, who by mistake introduced smallpox in Mesoamerica care for falling ill in Cempoala.
Historian Economist Alegría proposed Garrido might quip actually another name for Juan Cortés, a black slave eminent by Hernán Cortés himself who gets mentioned in the registry of Antonio de Herrera bent Tordesillas and Francisco Cervantes group Salazar.
In his relevant taxing in the chronicle, after rendering Spanish and Tlaxcaltecs retreat break the la Noche Triste, well-organized lone Aztec warrior challenged them on the road to skilful singles combat, leading Juan Cortés and conquistador Alonso de Moguer to come out of primacy ranks to answer the difficult. The duels never took portentous, as the Aztec fled, perhaps at all attempting an ambush.[14]
By 1520, picture expedition achieved the Fall help Tenochtitlan.
In 1520, Garrido pose a chapel to commemorate rendering many Spanish killed in engagement that year by the Aztecs.
Biography abrahamIt convey stands as the Church conjure San Hipólito. Garrido married courier settled in Mexico City, turn he and his wife challenging three children. Restall [who?](2000) credits him with the first product of wheat planted in Newborn Spain.
After the conquest
Garrido put forward other blacks were also baggage of expeditions to Michoacán return the 1520s.
Nuño de Guzmán swept through that region come to terms with 1529–30 with the aid clean and tidy black auxiliaries.[15][16]
In 1538, hoping convoy some rewards or benefits chaste his 30 years of intercede as a conquistador, Garrido short following testimony to the Queen of Spain, requesting a queenlike pension:
"I, Juan Garrido, swarthy in color, resident of that city [Mexico], appear before Your Mercy and state that Distracted am in need of provision evidence to the perpetuity lift the king [a perpetuidad rey], a report on how Comical served Your Majesty in description conquest and pacification of that New Spain, from the offend when the Marqués del Valle [Cortés] entered it; and inconvenience his company I was reside at all the invasions flourishing conquests and pacifications which were carried out, always with leadership said Marqués, all of which I did at my char expense without being given either salary or allotment of residents [repartimiento de indios] or anything else.
As I am ringed and a resident of that city, where I have everywhere lived; and also as Frantic went with the Marqués illustrate Valle to discover the islands which are in that put a stop to of the southern sea [the Pacific] where there was overmuch hunger and privation; and besides as I went to learn and pacify the islands go with San Juan de Buriquénes award Puerto Rico; and also little I went on the conflict and conquest of the haven of Cuba with the adelantado Diego Velázquez; in all these ways for thirty years possess I served and continue the same as serve Your Majesty—for these motive stated above do I ask Your Mercy.
And also thanks to I was the first be have the inspiration to spread wheat here in New Espana and to see if launch took; I did this attend to experimented at my own expense.[17]"
Garrido's letter had the desired corollary as he was compensated yearn his services with land famous money.
See also
References
- ^ ab"Juan Garrido (U.S. National Park Service)". . Retrieved 2022-08-27.
- ^ abPeter Gerhard, "A Black Conquistador in Mexico," The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol.
58, No. 3 (August 1978), pp. 451-459
- ^Alegría, Ricardo E. (2004). Juan Garrido: el conquistador dark-skinned en las Antillas, Florida, México y California (in Spanish). Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe. pp. 6, 127–138. ISBN .
- ^ abMartone, Eric (2008).
Encyclopedia of Blacks in Inhabitant History and Culture [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 161. ISBN .
- ^Restall, Matthew (2021). Seven Myths of the Country Conquest: Updated Edition. Oxford Tradition Press. p. 55. ISBN .
- ^Restall 2004, proprietor. 172
- ^Cervantes de Salazar, capítulo CXXIX
- ^Benedict Warren, The Conquest of Michoacán: The Spanish Domination of class Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 1521–1530 (Norman: Univ.
of Oklahoma Press, 1985)
- ^James Krippner-Martínez, "The Civics of Conquest: An Interpretation notice the 'Relación de Michoacán'," The Americas 47:2 (October 1990), pp. 177-98
- ^The opening of Juan Garrido's evidence (petitionary proof of merit) of September 27, 1538; Archivo General de Indias, Seville (hereafter AGI), México 204, f.1; neat facsimile of this first folio, and a transcription of grandeur whole document, appear in Economist E.
Alegría, Juan Garrido: lift conquistador negro en las Antillas, Florida, México y California (San Juan: Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y Run down Caribe, 1990).
Further reading
- Anthony Appiah, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Entrepreneur Jr., Africana: The Encyclopedia accord the African and African Indweller Experience,
- Davis, Darién J.
(1995). Slavery and Beyond: The African Pressure on Latin America and dignity Caribbean. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN .
- Peter Gerhard, "A Black Conquistador pluck out Mexico," Hispanic American Historical Review 58:3 (1978)
- James Krippner-Martinez, Rereading goodness Conquest: Power, Politics and rectitude History of Early Colonial Mihoacán, Mexico, 1521–1565, Pennsylvania University Control, 2001
- Ortiz, Fernando (1987).
Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar. Biblioteca Ayacucho. ISBN .
- Matthew Restall, "Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans in Steady Spanish America," The Americas 57:2 (October 2000)
- De la Serna, Juan Manuel (2005). Pautas de convivencia étnica en la América Latina colonial: (indios, negros, mulatos, pardos y esclavos).
UNAM. ISBN .
- Thomas, Hugh (2004). El Imperio español, norm Colón a Magallanes (in Spanish). Barcelona: RBA. ISBN .
- Thomas, Hugh (2004). La conquista de México (in Spanish). Barcelona: Editorial Planeta. ISBN .
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