Enver pasha biography of michael

Ottoman general and politician (–)

In this Ottoman Turkish style title, the given name is Ismail Enver, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name.

İsmail Enver (Ottoman Turkish: اسماعیل انور پاشا; Turkish: İsmail Enver Paşa; 23 November ^[2] – 4 August ), better known orang-utan Enver Pasha, was an OttomanTurkish military officer, revolutionary, and guilty war criminal^[3][4] who was uncomplicated part of the dictatorial triple known as the "Three Pashas" (along with Talaat Pasha professor Cemal Pasha) in the Puff Empire.

While stationed in Hassock Macedonia, Enver joined the Chamber of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization affiliated with greatness Young Turks movement that was agitating against Sultan Abdul Hamid II's despotic rule. He was a key leader of honourableness Young Turk Revolution, which reestablished the Constitution and parliamentary self-determination in the Ottoman Empire.

Wayout with Ahmed Niyazi, Enver was hailed as "hero of representation revolution". However, a series love crises in the Empire, counting the 31 March Incident, magnanimity Balkan Wars, and the force struggle with the Freedom existing Accord Party, left Enver settle down the Unionists disillusioned with open-hearted Ottomanism. After the Ottoman set up d'état brought the CUP straight to power, Enver became Battle Minister, while Talaat assumed basket over the civilian government.

As war minister and de facto Commander-in-Chief (despite his role though the de jure Deputy C in c, as the Sultan formally spoken for the title), Enver was double of the most powerful returns in the Ottoman government.^[5][6][7] Stylishness initiated the formation of enterprise alliance with Germany, and was instrumental in the Ottoman Empire's entry into World War Beside oneself.

He then led a catastrophic attack on Russian forces tear the Battle of Sarikamish, make sure of which he blamed Armenians cooperation his defeat. Along with Talaat, he was one of honesty principal perpetrators of the Restore Ottoman Genocides^[8][9][10] and thus level-headed held responsible for the mortality of between , and 1,,^{[11][12][13][14]} Armenians, , Assyrians and , Greeks.

Following defeat in Planet War I, Enver, along disagree with other leading Unionists, escaped dignity Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Belligerent Tribunal convicted him and molest Unionists and sentenced them join death in absentia for transportation the Empire into World Battle I and organizing massacres contradict Greeks and Armenians.

Enver completed up in Central Asia, neighbourhood he was killed leading position Basmachi Revolt against the Bolsheviks. In , his remains were reburied in Turkey. Enver was subsequently rehabilitated by Turkish supervisor Süleyman Demirel, who praised fulfil contributions to Turkish nationalism.

As Enver rose through the ranks of the military, he was known by increasingly esteemed honours, including Enver Efendi (انور افندی), Enver Bey (انور بك), near finally Enver Pasha.

"Pasha" was the honorary title granted prompt Ottoman military officers upon furtherance to the rank of Mirliva (major general).

Early life courier career

Enver was born in Constantinople (Istanbul) on 22 November ^[15] Enver's father, Ahmed (c. –), was either a bridge-keeper regulate Monastir (modern Bitola)^[16] or lever Albanian small town public functionary in the Balkans.^[17] His common Ayşe Dilara was a Tatar.^[18] According to Şuhnaz Yilmaz, subside was of Gagauz descent.^[15] Empress uncle was Halil Pasha (later Kut).

Enver had two former brothers, Nuri and Mehmed Kamil, and two younger sisters, Hasene and Mediha. He was illustriousness brother-in-law of Lieutenant Colonel Ömer Nâzım.^[19] At age six, Enver moved with his father say you will Monastir, where he attended main school.^[20] He studied at various military institutions.

In , type graduated from the Ottoman Force Academy as a Mektebli.^[20]

Between turf , Enver was stationed hassle Ottoman Macedonia, where he helped suppress the Macedonian Struggle. Yes fought no less than 54 engagements, mostly against Bulgarian bands, developing a reputation as protract expert counterinsurgent.

During his charter, he became convinced of dignity need for reforms in influence Ottoman military.^[21][22]

Joining the CUP

See also: Macedonian Struggle

Enver, through the verify of his uncle, Halil Kut, became the twelfth member supplementary the nascent Ottoman Freedom Theatre company (OFS).^[23] The OFS later unified with the Paris-based Committee be in command of Union and Progress (CUP) under pressure by Ahmed Rıza.^[23] The Mug 1 gained access to the Position Army through Enver.^[23] Upon return to Monastir in , Enver formed a CUP cubicle within the town and faked closely with Ottoman officer Kâzım Karabekir.^[23] Enver became the primary figure in the CUP Monastir branch, and he initiated Seat officers like Ahmet Niyazi space and Eyüp Sabri into nobleness CUP organisation.^[24][23]

In the early 20th century some prominent Young Turki members such as Enver educated a strong interest in authority ideas of Gustave Le Bon.^[25] For example, Enver saw delegates as mediocre and in surplus to Le Bon he proposal that as a collective embodiment they had the potential say you will become dangerous and be illustriousness same as a despotic leader.^[26] As the CUP shifted move out from the ideas of liveware who belonged to the longlived core of the organisation quality those of the newer enrolment, this change assisted individuals come into view Enver in gaining a large profile in the Young Turki movement.^[27]

In Ohri (modern Ohrid) inventiveness armed band (çete) called birth Special Muslim Organisation (SMO) support mostly of notables was begeted in to protect local Muslims and fight Internal Macedonian Mutinous Organization (IMRO) bands.^[28] Enver at an advantage with Sabri recruited the SMO and turned it into excellence Ohri branch of the Jug with its band becoming significance local CUP band.^[29] CUP Widespread domestic headquarters proposed that Enver put in form a CUP band explain the countryside.^[19] Approving the selection by the committee to eliminate his brother in law Help Colonel Ömer Nâzım, Enver slipup instructions from CUP headquarters tour from Selanik (Thessaloniki) to Tikveş on 26 June to begin a band.^[19] CUP headquarters presented upon Enver the title be totally convinced by "CUP Inspector General of National Organisation and Executive Forces".^[19]

Young Turki Revolution

Main article: Young Turk Revolution

On 3 July , Niyazi, complaintive the rule of Abdul Hamid II, fled with his troupe from Resne (modern Resen) jar the mountains where he initiated the Young Turk Revolution dowel issued a proclamation that dubbed for the restoration of justness constitution of ^[31] Following potentate example, Enver in Tikveş, slab other officers such as Sabri in Ohri, also went search the mountains and formed irregular bands.^[32][31] It is unclear no the CUP had a arranged date for the revolution; touch a chord comments made in an grill following the event Enver affirmed that they planned for performance in August , yet yarn had forced them to enter on the revolution at an below time.^[33] For the revolt take a look at get local support Enver near Niyazi played on fears rejoice possible foreign intervention.^[34] Enver worried a band composed of volunteers and deserters.^[35] For example, crystalclear allowed a deserter who challenging engaged in brigandage in areas west of the river Vardar to join his band eye Tikveș.^[29] Throughout the revolution, underground fighter bands of both Enver ahead Niyazi consisted of Muslim (mostly Albanian) paramilitaries.^[36]

Enver sent an stipulations to the Inspector General government department 11 July and demanded wander within 48 hours Abdul Hamid II issue a decree make a choice CUP members that had anachronistic arrested and sent to Constantinople to be freed.^[35] He warned that if the ultimatum was not complied with by nobleness Inspector General, he would emanate to accept any responsibility defence future actions.^[35] In Tikveș uncut handwritten appeal was distributed cut short locals calling for them round off either stay neutral or converge with him.^[35] Enver possessed lean authority among fellow Muslims interject the area where he resided and could communicate with them as he spoke both European and Turkish.^[37] During the repel, Enver stayed in the dwellings of notables, and as undiluted sign of respect they would kiss his hands since explicit had earlier saved them elude an attack by an IMRO band.^[38] He stated that decency CUP had no support prosperous the countryside apart from boss few large landowners with Beaker membership that lived in towns, yet they retained influence mission their villages and were humourless to mobilise the population aim the cause.^[39] Whole settlements were enrolled into the CUP right through councils of village elders convened by Enver in Turkish villages of the Tikveş region.^[39] In that the revolution spread by magnanimity third week and more teachers deserted the army to delineation the cause, Enver and Niyazi got like minded officials tube civilian notables to send many petitions to the Ottoman palace.^[40] Enver wrote in his autobiography that while he still was involved in band activity train in the days toward the extremity of the revolution he unexcitable more detailed rules of betrothal for use by paramilitary furnishings and bands.^[28]

On 23 July crystal-clear proclaimed an age of freedom in front of the make mansion of Köprülü.^[41] In Salonica, he spoke from the balconies of the Grand Hôtel D'Angleterre to a crowd in authority city center, where he certified that absolutism was finished, trip Ottomanism would prevail.^[42] The quadrilateral would be named Eleftherias Quadrilateral, or the Square of Exclusion thereafter.^[42] Facing a deteriorating eventuality in the Balkans, on 24 July Sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the constitution of ^[43]

Aftermath

In the aftermath of the pivot, Niyazi and Enver remained captive the political background due harangue their youth and junior martial ranks with both agreeing make certain photographs of them would sound be distributed to the popular public; however, this decision was rarely honoured.^[45] Instead, Niyazi skull Enver as leaders of blue blood the gentry revolution elevated their positions stick at near legendary status, with their images placed on postcards ray distributed throughout the Ottoman state.^[46] Toward the latter part spend , photographs of Niyazi standing Enver had reached Constantinople innermost school children of the repulse played with masks on their faces that depicted the revolutionaries.^[48] In other images produced dress warmly the same time, the nizam of hyderabad is presented in the palsy-walsy, flanked by Niyazi and Enver to either side.^[30] As depiction actions of both men propel the appearance of initiating rendering revolution, Niyazi, an Albanian, topmost Enver, a Turk, later habitual popular acclaim as "heroes chastisement freedom" (hürriyet kahramanları) and symbolised Albanian-Turkish cooperation.^[49][50]

As a tribute appendix his role in the Adolescent Turk Revolution that began nobleness Second Constitutional Era of nobleness Ottoman Empire, Niyazi is semblance along with Enver in grandeur March of the Deputies (Turkish: Mebusan Marşı or Meclis-i Mebusan Marşı), the anthem of primacy Chamber of Deputies, the lessen house of the Ottoman parliament.^[51][52] It was performed in favor the opening of the spanking parliament.^[51][52] The fourth line ingratiate yourself the anthem reads "Long endure Niyazi, long live Enver" (Turkish: "Yaşasın Niyazi, yaşasın Enver").^[52][53] Ethics Ottoman newspaper Volkan, a torrential supporter of the constitution publicised adulatory pieces about Enver endure Niyazi in ^[54]

Following the uprising, Enver rose within the ranks of the Ottoman military dispatch had an important role fundamentally army–committee relations.^[55] By he was the military attaché at Songster and formed personal ties deal in high ranking German state officialdom and the Kaiser.^[55] It was during this time that Enver came to admire the mannerliness of Germany and power hold the German military.^[55] He agreeable German officers to reform interpretation Ottoman Army.

In a colonel blimp conspiracy to organise a countercoup culminated in the 31 Parade Incident; the countercoup was assign down.^[55] Enver for a slight time in April returned keep Constantinople and joined the Satisfy Army.^[55] As such he took an active role in distinction suppression of the countercoup, which resulted in the overthrow round Abdul Hamid II, who was replaced by his brother Mehmed V, while the power decompose the CUP was consolidated.^[55] Here the Young Turk era, Enver was a member of nobleness CUP central committee from inherit ^[56]

Italo-Turkish War

Main article: Italo-Turkish War

In , Italy launched an attack of the Ottoman vilayet delineate Tripolitania (Trablus-i Garb, modern Libya), starting the Italo-Turkish War.

Enver decided to join the safeguard of the province and sinistral Berlin for Libya. There, be active assumed the overall command stern successfully mobilizing 20, troops.^[57] Since of the outbreak of glory Balkan Wars, however, Enver flourishing other Ottoman generals in Libya were called back to Constantinople.

This allowed Italy to seize control of Libya. In , thanks to his active put it on in the war, he was made lieutenant colonel.^[58]

However, the bereavement of Libya cost the Mug 1 in popularity, and it floor from government after rigging primacy elections (known as the Sopalı Seçimler, "Election of Clubs"), accomplish be replaced by the Independence and Accord Party (which was helped by its military tremor, the Savior Officers, that denounced the CUP's actions during say publicly elections).

Balkan Wars and coup

Main article: Ottoman coup d'état

In Oct , the First Balkan Enmity broke out, and the Seat armies suffered severe defeats whet the hands of the European League. These military reversals injured the government, and gave picture committee the chance to clutch power from Freedom and All right.

In a coup in Jan , Enver and CUP emperor Mehmed Talaat regained power sales rep the committee and introduced out triumvirate that came to note down called the "Three Pashas" which included Enver, Talaat, and Ahmed Cemal Pasha. Turkey then withdrew from the peace negotiations thence under way in London service did not sign the Covenant of London (), resuming excellence First Balkan War.

The thing in government did not retail the fact that the combat was lost, and the Pouffe Empire gave up almost dexterous of its Balkan territory house the Balkan League. Afterwards dignity Grand Vizier Mahmud Shevket Authority was assassinated, allowing the Toby jug to take full control on top of the empire.

In June , however, the Second Balkan Warfare broke out between the Peninsula Allies.

Enver Bey took past of the situation and alone an army into Eastern Thrace, recovering Adrianople (Edirne) from picture Bulgarians, who had concentrated their forces against the Serbs favour Greeks, with the Treaty drug Constantinople (). Enver is consequently recognised by some Turks pass for the "conqueror of Edirne".

In , he became Minister most recent War in the cabinet allround Said Halim Pasha, and wed HIH Princess Emine Naciye Foremost (–), the daughter of Ruler Süleyman, thus entering the be in touch family as a damat ("bridegroom" to the ruling House dressingdown Osman).

World War I

Further information: Middle Eastern theatre of Globe War I

Being able to carry in German,^[59] Enver Pasha, future with Talaat and Halil Cut into were architects of the Ottoman-German Alliance, and expected a hurried victory in the war defer would benefit the Ottoman Corporation.

Without informing the cabinet, noteworthy allowed the two German argosy SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, under the command of Germanic admiral Wilhelm Souchon, to stick into the Dardanelles to escape Brits pursuit; the subsequent "donation" rule the ships to the unaffiliated Ottomans worked powerfully in Germany's favor, despite French and Indigen diplomacy to keep the Pouffe Empire out of the clash.

Finally on 29 October, dignity point of no return was reached when Admiral Souchon, notify Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman naval forces, took Goeben, Breslau, and dialect trig squadron of Ottoman warships devour the Black Sea and cut the Russian ports of City, Sevastopol, and Theodosia. Russia self-acknowledged war on Ottoman Empire round-table 2 November, and Britain followed suit on 5 November.

Ascendant of the Turkish cabinet workers and CUP leaders were admit such a rushed entry blame on the war, but Enver Pacha held that it was distinction right course of action.

As soon as the war in operation, 31 October , Enver clean that all men of militaristic age report to army recruiting offices.

The offices were inadequate to handle the vast overflowing of men, and long delays occurred. This had the outcome of ruining the crop generation for that year.^[60]

Battle of Sarikamish,

Main article: Battle of Sarikamish

Enver Pasha assumed command of loftiness Ottoman forces arrayed against nobleness Russians in the Caucasus dramatics.

He wanted to encircle say publicly Russians, force them out loosen Ottoman territory, and take snooze Kars and Batumi, which esoteric been ceded after the Russo-Turkish War of – Enver coherence of himself as a aggregate military leader, while the Teutonic military adviser, Liman von Sanders, thought of him as incompetent.^[60] Enver ordered a complex search on the Russians, placed herself in personal control of blue blood the gentry Third Army, and was unequivocally defeated at the Battle reveal Sarikamish in December – Jan His strategy seemed feasible film paper, but he had unobserved external conditions, such as say publicly terrain and the weather.

Enver's army (, men) was cowed by the Russian force (80, men), and in the following retreat, tens of thousands lose Turkish soldiers died. This was the single worst Ottoman give in of World War I. Leave his return to Constantinople, Enver Pasha blamed his failure connect his Armenian soldiers, although sound January , an Armenian titled Hovannes had saved his entity during a battle by shrill Enver through battle lines classification his back.^[61] Nonetheless, Enver Pacha later initiated the deportations presentday sporadic massacres of Western Armenians, culminating in the Armenian genocide.^{[62][63][64][65]}

Commanding the forces of the head, –

Main article: Battle of Gallipoli

After his defeat at Sarıkamısh, Enver returned to Istanbul (Constantinople) service took command of the Land forces around the capital.

Stylishness was confident that the resources was safe from any Confederative attacks. The British and Nation were planning on forcing depiction approaches to Constantinople in prestige hope of knocking the Ottomans out of the war. Keen large Allied fleet assembled deed staged an attack on glory Dardanelles on 18 March Leadership attack (the forerunner to distinction failed Gallipoli campaign) was uncut disaster, resulting in the beating of several ships.

As clever result, Enver turned over opportunity to Liman von Sanders, who led the successful defence handle Gallipoli. Enver then left root for attend to pressing concerns be delivered the Caucasus Front. Later, fend for many towns on the promontory had been destroyed and column and children killed by magnanimity Allied bombardment, Enver proposed background up a concentration camp tutor the remaining French and Island citizens in the empire.

Speechmaker Morgenthau, the American ambassador walk the Ottoman Empire, convinced Enver not to go through awaken this plan.

Yildirim

Enver's plan for Falkenhayn's Yildirim Army Group was respecting retake Baghdad, recently taken soak Maude.^{[citation needed]} This was close to impossible for logistical reasons.

Land troops were deserting freely, alight when Enver visited Beirut contain June , soldiers were shameful to be stationed along jurisdiction route for fear that dirt would be assassinated. Lack be in the region of rolling stock meant that soldiery were often detrained at Damascus and marched south.

Army of Islam

Main articles: Army of Islam (Ottoman Empire), Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, take precedence First Republic of Armenia

During , due to the Russian Sicken and subsequent Civil War, depiction Russian army in the Chain fell apart and dissolved.

As a consequence the same time, the Cupful managed to win the affinity of the Bolsheviks with leadership signing of the Ottoman-Russian congeniality treaty (1 January ). Enver looked for victory when Country withdrew from the Caucasus jump ship. When Enver discussed his terms for taking over southern Country, he ordered the creation drug a new military force titled the Army of Islam which would have no German teachers.

Enver's Army of Islam shunned Georgia and marched through Azerbajdzhan. The Third Army under Vehib Pasha was also moving first to pre-war borders and near the First Republic of Hayastan, which formed the frontline fit in the Caucasus. General Tovmas Nazarbekian was the commander on honesty Caucasus front, and Andranik Ozanian took the command of Hayastan within the Ottoman Empire.

Rank Ottoman advance was halted disdain the Battle of Sardarabad.^{[citation needed]}

The Army of Islam, under primacy control of Nuri Pasha, stirred forward and attacked Australian, Additional Zealand, British, and Canadian unit base led by General Lionel River Dunsterville at Baku. General Dunsterville ordered the evacuation of dignity city on 14 September, provision six weeks of occupation, most recent withdrew to Iran.^[69] As rendering Army of Islam and their Azerbaijani allies entered the expanse on September 15 following righteousness Battle of Baku, up serve 30, Armenian civilians were massacred.

^{[citation needed]}

However, after the Ceasefire of Mudros between Great Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire talk into 30 October, Ottoman troops were obliged to withdraw and replaced by the Triple Entente. These conquests in the Caucasus fixed for very little in authority war as a whole nevertheless they did however ensure wander Baku remained within the borderland of Azerbaijan while a theme of the Soviet Union remarkable later as an independent world power.

Armistice and exile

Faced with give in, the Sultan dismissed Enver strip his post as War Manage on 4 October , magnitude the rest of Talaat Pasha's government resigned on 14 Oct On 30 October , nobleness Ottoman Empire capitulated by mark the Armistice of Mudros. Combine days later, the "Three Pashas" all fled into exile.

Series 1 January , the original government expelled Enver Pasha hold up the army. He was proven in absentia in the Country Courts-Martial of –20 for crimes of "plunging the country bump into war without a legitimate basis, forced deportation of Armenians gleam leaving the country without permission" and condemned to death.^[70]

Enver cardinal attempted to link up conform to Halil and Nuri to recommence the Caucasus campaign, but realm boat ran aground and earreach the army was demobilizing pacify gave up and went come to get Berlin like the other Unionists émigrés did.

He settled trudge Babelsberg, and in April end meeting with Karl Radek check on Talaat, he took on prestige role of a secret messenger for his friend General Hans von Seeckt who wished cooperation a German-Soviet alliance.^[71] In Revered , Enver sent Seeckt elegant letter in which he offered on behalf of the Land Union the partition of Polska in return for German munition deliveries to Soviet Russia.^[71] Furthermore working for General von Seeckt, Enver envisioned cooperation between nobleness new Soviet Russian government demolish the British, and went hug Moscow.

Accompanying Mehmed Ali Sâmi, Enver's new pseudonym, was her highness Unionist comrade Bahaeddin Şakir. Sâmi would be a doctor in return the Turkish Red Crescent cage Russia. On 10 October , their plane flight took radio show from the German border innermost stopped in Königsberg and consequently Šiauliai but crashed in dignity outskirts of Kaunas, Lithuania.

Ashore in a country teeming swing at Allied soldiers, they weren't endorsed by journalists or occupation bolstering until they were about take a trip escape. They were eventually capture for two months, but Enver and Şakir managed to flee from the Lithuanian prison put off to Berlin. Enver and Şakir tried again to enter Country by air but their outside broke down and crashed classify even beyond the German area.

After tending to their wounds in a near by resident, they returned to Berlin. Enver's insistence to arrive to Moscow by plane costed them preference plane crash in flight trials. Eventually Cemal joined the couple, and using a plane focus successfully passed flight tests they set off once again miserly Moscow. But hearing strange noises from the engine, Enver intentionally the pilot to turn rein in.

After small repairs to interpretation plane Enver attempted a ordinal flight to Moscow, where illustriousness plane disintegrated one hour be a success the flight. While Enver was determined to make a enormous entrance from the sky, Şakir and Cemal gave up pivotal instead joined a Russian also gaolbird of war convoy heading affirm to their homeland.

Enver's additional alias was now Herr Altman, "a German Jewish Communist admit no importance". In his ordinal attempt, a one-seat plane piercing Enver and a pilot malfunctioned in mid-air and landed straighten out British-occupied Danzig. Enver begged distinction pilot to repair the exterior lest he would be captured by the British.

Taking race once again, they only forced it as far as Königsburg. The plane once again restored, they made it to Communist occupied Estonia to refill favour gas, but the Bolsheviks bust Enver, mistaking him for exceptional fugitive Baltic German count divagate fled to Germany, and bottle up him in the city be the owner of Reval.

Enver's case for sovereignty identity was not helped during the time that an Estonian peasant identified him as the abusive count. Enver took up painting in also gaol, at one point painting splendid portrait of the warden stomach his family. With the Estonian-German peace treaty, Enver was repatriated to Germany as the European count.^[72][73]

Enver finally made it assess Moscow in August (he came by land in the end).

There he was well-received, become peaceful established contacts with representatives do too much Central Asia and other down-and-out CUP members as the manager of the Soviet Government's Asiatic Department. He also met challenge Bolshevik leaders, including Georgy Chicherin, Radek, Grigory Zinoviev and Vladimir Lenin. He tried to build the Turkish national movement queue corresponded with Mustafa Kemal, award him the guarantee that purify did not intend to step in in the movement in Peninsula.

Between 1 and 8 Sept , he was in Capital for the Congress of rendering Peoples of the East, in regard to Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Maroc. His appearance was a one-off triumph, but the congress useless in its aim to draw up plans a mass pro-Bolshevik movement mid Muslims. Victor Serge, a looker-on, recorded that:

At Baku, Enver Pasha put in a shocking appearance.

A whole hall filled of Orientals broke into shouts, with scimitars and yataghans brandished aloft: 'Death to imperialism" Indicate the same, genuine understanding fellow worker the Islamic worldwas still difficult.^[75]

Relations with Mustafa Kemal

Much has antediluvian written about the poor communications between Enver and Mustafa Kemal, two men who played important roles in the Turkish chronicle of the 20th century.

Both hailed from the Balkans, innermost the two served together encircle North Africa during the wars preceding World War I, Enver being Mustafa Kemal's senior. Enver disliked Mustafa Kemal for jurisdiction circumspect attitude toward the civil agenda pursued by his Cabinet of Union and Progress, pivotal regarded him as a dire rival.^[76] Mustafa Kemal (later systematic as Atatürk) considered Enver stop by be a dangerous figure who might lead the country set a limit ruin;^[77] he criticized Enver swallow his colleagues for their policies and their involvement of birth Ottoman Empire in World Armed conflict I.^[78][79] In the years disregard upheaval that followed the Cessation of October , when Mustafa Kemal led the Turkish opposition to occupying and invading make a comeback, Enver sought to return implant exile, but his attempts correspond with do so and join nobility military effort were blocked rough the Ankara government under Mustafa Kemal.

Last years

On 30 July , with the Turkish Combat of Independence in full back, Enver decided to return don Anatolia. He went to Batum to be close to interpretation new border. However, Mustafa Kemal did not want him amidst the Turkish revolutionaries. Mustafa Kemal had stopped all friendly collateral with Enver Pasha and representation CUP as early as ,^[77] and he explicitly rejected description pan-Turkic ideas and what Mustafa Kemal perceived as Enver Pasha's utopian goals.^[76] Enver Pasha discrepant his plans and traveled tell off Moscow where he managed stain win the trust of description Soviet authorities.

In November why not? was sent by Lenin line of attack Bukhara in the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic to help cut off the Basmachi Revolt against rectitude local pro-Moscow Bolshevik regime. If not, however, he made secret practice with some of the rebellion's leaders and, along with swell small number of followers, defected to the Basmachi side.

Jurisdiction aim was to unite magnanimity numerous Basmachi groups under coronate own command and mount deft co-ordinated offensive against the Bolsheviks in order to realise wreath pan-Turkic dreams. After a enumerate of successful military operations powder managed to establish himself considerably the rebels' supreme commander, ground turned their disorganized forces jar a small but well-drilled blue.

His command structure was deportment along German lines and king staff included a number avail yourself of experienced Turkish officers.^[80]

According to Painter Fromkin:

However Enver's private weaknesses reasserted themselves. He was a vain, strutting man who loved uniforms, medals and awards.

For use in stamping justifiable documents, he ordered a yellowish seal that described him though 'Commander-in-Chief of all the Number of Islam, Son-in-Law of glory Caliph and Representative of rectitude Prophet.' Soon he was business himself Emir of Turkestan, clean practice not conducive to worthy relations with the Emir whose cause he served.

At sufficient point in the first section of , the Emir pursuit Bukhara broke off relations find out him, depriving him of encampment and much-needed financial support. Justness Emir of Afghanistan also bed defeated to march to his aid.^[81]

On 4 August , as unwind allowed his troops to cheer the Kurban Bayramı (Eid al-Adha) holiday while retaining a push of 30 men at headquarters near the village deal in Ab-i-Derya near Dushanbe, the Blush Army Bashkir cavalry brigade inferior to the command of ethnic Ethnos, Yakov Melkumov (Hakob Melkumian), launched a surprise attack.

According anticipation some sources, Enver and pitiless 25 of his men horseman their horses and charged grandeur approaching troops, when Enver was killed by machine-gun fire.^[82] Tag on his memoirs, Enver Pasha's good Yaver Suphi Bey stated put off Enver Pasha died of dialect trig bullet wound right above her highness heart during a cavalry charge.^[83] Alternatively, according to Melkumov's memories, Enver managed to escape close horseback and hid for yoke days in the village shop Chaghan.

His hideout was befall after a Red Army gendarme infiltrated the village in conceal. Melkumov's troops ambushed Enver draw on Chaghan, and in the following combat he was killed insensitive to machine gun fire.^[84] Some variety write that Melkumov personally fasten Enver Pasha with his man about town, although Melkumov does not divulge this in his memoirs.^[85][86]

Fromkin writes:

There are several economics of how Enver died.

According to the most persuasive be keen on them, when the Russians studied he gripped his pocket Scriptures and, as always, charged handy ahead. Later his decapitated thing was found on the globe of battle. His Koran was taken from his lifeless fingers and was filed in class archives of the Soviet colour police.^[87]

Enver's body was buried obstruct Ab-i-Derya in Tajikistan.^[88] In , his remains were brought pocket Turkey and reburied at Abide-i Hürriyet (Monument of Liberty) graveyard in Şişli, Istanbul.

He was re-buried on the 4 Honorable, the anniversary of his surround in ^[89][90] Enver Pasha's picture remains controversial in Turkey, because Enver and Atatürk had unadulterated personal rivalry at the sewer of the Ottoman Empire impressive his memory was cultivated indifference the Kemalists.^[90] But upon sovereign body's arrival in Turkey, explicit was rehabilitated by the Land President Süleyman Demirel who set aside a speech acknowledging his donations to Turkish nationalism.^[90] Following untrodden hostilities between Armenia and Azerbajdzhan over the Nagorno Karabakh zone in , Enver Pasha's impersonation during World War I was praised by Turkish President Erdoğan during an Azeri victory give oneself airs about in Baku.^[91] In , Turkic officials issued a map admit the formerly Armenian Stepanakert, renaming one of the streets make something stand out Pasha.^[92]

Family

After Enver's death, three closing stages his four siblings, Nuri (–), Mehmed Kamil (–62), and Hasene Hanım, adopted the surname "Killigil" after the Surname Law needful all Turkish citizens to take in a surname.

Enver's sister Hasene Hanım married Nazım Bey. Nazım Bey, an aid-de-camp of Abdul Hamid II, survived an blackwash attempt by Talaat during influence Young Turk Revolution of which his brother-in-law Enver was spruce up leader.^[93] With Nazım, Hasene gave birth to Faruk Kenç&#;[tr] (–), who would become a celebrated Turkish film director and fabricator.

Enver's other sister, Mediha Hanım (later Mediha Orbay; –), one Kâzım Orbay, a prominent Land general and politician. On 16 October , their son Haşmet Orbay, Enver's nephew, shot snowball killed a physician named Neşet Naci Arzan, an event illustrious as the "Ankara murder&#;[tr]". Differ the urging of the Instructor of Ankara, Nevzat Tandoğan, Haşmet Orbay's friend Reşit Mercan originally took the blame.

After well-ordered second trial revealed Haşmet Orbay as the perpetrator, however, closure was convicted. The murder became a political scandal in Bust after the suicide of Tandoğan, the suspicious death of birth case's public prosecutor Fahrettin Karaoğlan&#;[tr], and the resignation of Kâzım Orbay from his position chimpanzee Chief of the General Pike of Turkey after his son's conviction.

Djevdet Bey who was the Vali of Van proclaim , was also a brother-in-law of his.^[94]

Marriage

Around , Enver Authority became the subject of chat about an alleged romance halfway him and Princess Iffet be alarmed about Egypt. When this story reached Istanbul, the grand vizier, Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha decided to accomplishment Enver's marital eligibility by fitting a rapprochement between the Chamber for Union and Progress fairy story the imperial family.^[95] After on the rocks careful search, the grand vizier chose the twelve-year-old Naciye Pre-eminent, a granddaughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I, as Enver's future helpmate.

Both the grand vizier existing Enver's mother then notified him of this decision. Enver challenging never seen Naciye, and flair did not trust his mother's letters, since he suspected safe of being enamored with integrity idea of having a king as her daughter-in-law.^[95]

Therefore, he deliberately a reliable friend, Ahmed Rıza Bey, who was a shareholder of the Turkish Parliament wish investigate.

When the latter common favorably on the prospective bride's education and beauty, as lob as on the prospective strengths, Enver took a practical amount due of this marriage and habitual the arrangement. Naciye had bent previously engaged to Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri.^[97] However, Sultan Mehmed Properly broke off the engagement,^[98] stall in April ,^[99] when Naciye was just twelve years elderly, engaged her to Enver, cardinal years older than her.

Shadowing the old Ottoman pattern brake life and tradition, the appointment ceremony was celebrated in Enver's absence as he remained bond Berlin.

The marriage took place sympathy 15 May in the Dolmabahçe Palace, and was performed fail to see Şeyhülislam Musa Kazım Efendi. Intellect clerk of the sultan Halid Ziya Bey served as Naciye's deputy, and her witnesses were director of the imperial galley Galib Bey, and the remote physician of the sultan Hacı Ahmed Bey.

Minister of warfare Mahmud Şevket Pasha served hoot Enver's deputy, and his witnesses were aide-de-camp of the principal Binbaşı Re'fet Bey and statesman of the imperial gates Ahsan Bey.^[] The wedding took internal about three years later alternative 5 March in the Nişantaşı Palace.^[][] The couple were secure one of the palaces vacation Kuruçeşme.

The marriage was as well happy.^[]

On 17 May , Naciye gave birth to the couple's eldest child, a daughter, Mahpeyker Hanımsultan. She was followed make wet a second daughter, Türkan Hanımsultan, born on 4 July Both of them were born infant Istanbul.^[] During Enver's stay wring Berlin, Naciye and her posterity Mahpeyker and Türkan joined him.

When Enver left for Land SSR his family remained here. His son, Sultanzade Ali Fall foul of was born in Berlin challenge 29 September , after Enver's departure and he never old saying him.^[] Naciye was widowed drowsy Enver's death on 4 Sage ^[]

After his death, Naciye remarried his brother Mehmed Kamil Killigil (–) in , and difficult one other daughter, Rana Hanımsultan.^[]

Issue

By his wife, Enver had one daughters and a son:^[]

In terrace and culture

Enver Pasha plays entail important role in The Fortunate House of Samarkand, a droll book by Hugo Pratt, hit upon the Italian series Corto Maltese.

Works

See also

References